Maitha Llagas-Oliveros
Dan-ag: Journal of Educational Studies, Volume 5, Issue 1 (2016), pp. 9–18
This descriptive study determined Grade 9 students’ levels of 21st-century skills and their association with achievement in science. Simple random sampling was used to select 322 participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A modified questionnaire and a researcher-made test were used to gather data, and a focus group discussion was conducted for validation. Findings revealed that students with high to very high learning and innovation skills had significantly higher science scores than those with low to moderate levels. The other skill domains did not produce significant variation in science achievement. Overall, students demonstrated moderate 21st-century skills, while their science achievement was at the Beginning level. The findings indicated that 21st-century skills predicted achievement in science.
Keywords: 21st-century skills; science achievement; learning and innovation; educational technology; K to 12 curriculum
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22180251
Abouserie, R. (1995). Self-esteem and achievement motivation as determinants of students’ approaches to studying. Studies in Higher Education, 20(1), 19–26.
Aikenhead, G. S. (2006). Science education for everyday life: Evidence-based practice. Teachers College Press.
Akbas, A., & Kan, A. (2007). Affective factors that influence chemistry achievement (motivation and anxiety) and the power of these factors to predict chemistry achievement-II. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 4(1), 10–19.
Bain, A., & Ross, K. (1999). School reengineering and SAT-I performance: A case study. International Journal of Educational Reform, 9(2), 148–153.
Baines, L., Deluzain, R. E., & Hegngi, Y. (1998). The state of the Net in secondary classrooms: Rhetoric and reality.
Berson, I. R., & Berson, M. J. (2003). Digital literacy for effective citizenship. Social Education, 67(3), 164–167.
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. B. (2006). Research in education (10th ed.). Pearson Education.
Braunstein, S., & Welch, C. (2002). Financial literacy: An overview of practice, research, and policy. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 88, 445–457.
Brownstein, B. (2001). Collaboration: The foundation of learning in the future. Education, 122(2), 240–243.
Bruner, J. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction. Harvard University Press.
Chambers, I. (2008). Migrancy culture, identity. Routledge.
Clark, A. (2004). Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence. Oxford University Press.
Coiro, J., Knobel, M., Lankshear, C., & Leu, D. (2008). Central issues in new literacies and new literacies research. In J. Coiro, M. Knobel, C. Lankshear, & D. Leu (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 1–21). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coiro, J., & Dobler, E. (2007). Exploring the online reading comprehension strategies used by sixth-grade skilled readers to search for and locate information on the Internet. Reading Research Quarterly, 42, 214–257.
Dawang, D. R. (2000). Special science curriculum and predictors of students’ science aptitude.
Dede, C. (2007). Reinventing the role of information and communication technologies in education. In L. Smolin, K. Lawless, & N. C. Burbules (Eds.), Information and communication technologies: Considerations of current practices for teachers and teacher educators (106th yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part 2, pp. 11–38). Blackwell.
Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st century skills. In J. Bellanca & R. Brandt (Eds.), 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn (pp. 51–76). Solution Tree Press.
Di Vesta, E. J. (1987). The cognitive movement and education. In J. A. Glover & R. R. Ronning (Eds.), Historical foundations of educational psychology (pp. 203–233). Plenum Press.
Duffy, T. M., & Jonassen, D. H. (1992). Constructivism: New implications for instructional technology. In T. M. Duffy & D. H. Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation (pp. 1–16). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eagleton, M. B., & Dobler, E. (2007). Reading the Web: Strategies for Internet inquiry.
Fallows, D. (2005). How women and men use the Internet. Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Franklin, T. (2011). Mobile learning: At the tipping point. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology.
Fultz, N. H., & Herzog, A. (1991). Gender differences in affiliation and instrumentality across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 6(4), 579–585.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books.
Gates, B. (1999, March 22). Bill Gates’ new rules. Time, 153(11), 72–82. http://www.time.com/time/reports/gatesbook/gatesbookl.html
Gee, J. P. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. Computers in Entertainment, 1(1), 20.
Gentry, W. A., Griggs, T. L., Deal, J. J., Mondore, S. P., & Cox, B. D. (2011). A comparison of generational differences in endorsement of leadership practices with actual leadership skill level. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 63(1), 39–49.
Glasersfeld, E. (1989). Cognition, construction of knowledge, and teaching. Synthese, 80(1), 121–140.
Gould, M. C. (2002). Developing literacy and workplace skills: Teaching for 21st century employment (2nd ed.). Solution Tree.
Greene, B. A., & Miller, R. B. (1996). Influences on achievement: Goals, perceived ability, and cognitive engagement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 21(2), 181–192.
Greenwald, R., Hedges, L. V., & Laine, R. D. (1996). The effect of school resources on student achievement. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 361–396.
Heather, M. T., Micheal, S., & Sylvia, H. (2002). Tricolore: Teacher’s handbook (3rd ed.). Nelson Thornes.
Henton, D. (2000, May). Building digital government in the 21st century. Government Technology, 13(7), 17–19.
Hurd, P. D. (1998). Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world. Science Education, 82(3), 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199806)82:3<407::AID-SCE6>3.0.CO;2-G
Hussain, M. M., & Howard, P. N. (2011). The role of digital media. Journal of Democracy, 22(3), 35–48.
International Society for Technology in Education. (1998). National education technology standards for students: Connecting curriculum and technology.
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.
Johnson, L., Levine, A., & Smith, R. (2009). The 2009 Horizon report. The New Media Consortium. http://wp.nmc.org/horizon2009/
Jones-Kavalier, B., & Flannigan, S. L. (2006). Connecting the digital dots: Literacy of the 21st century. EDUCAUSE Review, 41(2).
Jordan, J. V., Hartling, L. M., & Walker, M. (Eds.). (2004). The complexity of connection: Writings from the Stone Center’s Jean Baker Miller Training Institute. Guilford Press.
Kafai, Y. B. (2007). From SuperGoo to Scratch: Exploring creative digital media production in informal learning. Learning, Media and Technology, 32(2), 149–166.
Kaplan, N. (1995, March). Politexts, hypertexts, and other cultural formations in the late age of print. Computer-Mediated Communication Magazine, 2(3), 3. http://www.ibiblio.org/cmc/mag/1995/mar/kaplan.htm
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2005). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Kanevsky, L., & Keighley, T. (2003). To produce or not to produce? Understanding boredom and the honor in underachievement. Roeper Review, 26(1), 20–28.
Kearsley, G., & Shneiderman, B. (1998). A framework for technology-based teaching and learning. Educational Technology, 38(5), 20–37.
Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. Psychology Press.
K to 12 Basic Education Program. (2012). Official Gazette. http://www.gov.ph/
Leu, D. J., Kinzer, C. K., Coiro, J. L., & Cammack, D. W. (2004). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the Internet and other information and communication technologies. In R. B. Ruddell & N. J. Unrau (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (5th ed., pp. 1570–1613). International Reading Association.
Linn, M. C., Kessel, C., Lee, K., Levenson, J., Spitulnik, M., & Slotta, J. D. (2000). Teaching and learning K–8 mathematics and science through inquiry: Program reviews and recommendations [Unpublished report]. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
Matulich, E., Papp, R., & Haytko, D. (2008). Continuous improvement through teaching innovations: A requirement for today’s learners. Marketing Education Review, 18(1), 1–7.
Mayer, R. E., Heiser, J., & Lonn, S. (2001). Cognitive constraints on multimedia learning: When presenting more material results in less understanding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 187–198.
Mehmet, C. S. (2009). Instructional design principles for 21st century learning skills. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 1464–1468.
McCombs, B. L. (2001). What do we know about learners and learning? The learner-centered framework: Bringing the educational system into balance. Educational Horizons, 79(4), 182–193.
Merriman, W., & Nicoletti, A. (2008). Globalization and American education. The Educational Forum, 72, 8–22.
Mullis, I. V. S., Kennedy, A. M., Martin, M. O., & Sainsbury, M. (2006). PIRLS 2006 assessment framework and specifications. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College.
Nazam, E. F., & Husain, A. (2014). Conceptual definition and standardization of the spiritual values scale. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 411–[page range not provided].
Orpwood, G. (2007). Assessing scientific literacy: Threats and opportunities. In C. Linder, L. Östman, & P.-O. Wickman (Eds.), Promoting scientific literacy: Science education research in transaction: Proceedings of the Linnaeus tercentenary symposium (pp. 120–129). Uppsala University.
Park, H., & Bonner, P. (2008). Family religious involvement, parenting practices, and academic performance in adolescents. School Psychology International, 29(3), 348–362.
Piamonte, M. U. (2012). Primer on the Enhanced K to 12 Basic Education Program. UNESCO Club Philippines. http://www.unescoclubphilippines.weebly.com
Pillay, H., & Elliott, B. (2001). Emerging attributes of pedagogy and curriculum for the “new world order.” Innovative Higher Education, 26(1), 7–22.
Prensky, M. (2010). Digital game-based learning. McGraw-Hill.
North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, & Metiri Group. (2003). enGauge 21st century skills: Literacy in the digital age. NCREL and Metiri Group.
North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. (2002). enGauge 21st century skills: Digital literacies for the digital age. http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/skills.html
Osman, K., et al. (2012). M-21CSI: A validated 21st century skills instrument for secondary science students. Asian Social Science, 8(16).
Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2002). Learning for the 21st century: A report and mile guide for 21st century skills. http://www.21stcenturyskills.org
Pacific Policy Research Center. (2010). 21st century skills for students and teachers. Kamehameha Schools, Research & Evaluation Division.
Pedré, F. (2009, September). The new millennium learners: Main findings. Paper presented at the New Millennium Learners Conference.
Pink, D. H. (2009). Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us. Riverhead Books.
Rothbaum, F., & Wang, Y. Z. (2010). Fostering the child’s malleable views of the self and the world: Caregiving practices in East Asian and European-American communities. Psychologie & Gesellschaftskritik, 101–120.
Ross, D., Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2009). Fourth graders practice with language frames to learn the process of argumentation in inquiry-based instruction.
Ross, S. M., Smith, L. J., Alberg, M., & Lowther, D. (2004). Using classroom observation as a research and formative evaluation tool in educational reform. In Observational research in U.S. classrooms: New approaches for understanding cultural and linguistic diversity (pp. 144–173).
Rowand, C. (2000). Teacher use of computers and the Internet in public schools. National Center for Education Statistics.
Schacter, J. (1999). The impact of education technology on student achievement: What the most current research has to say. Milken Exchange on Education Technology.
Sanfeliz, M., & Stalzer, M. (2003). Science motivation in the multicultural classroom. The Science Teacher, 70(3), 64.
Semenyuk, E. R. (2004). Noospheric prospects of mankind and informatics. Nauchno-Tekhnicheskaya Informatsiya, Series 1, (1), 1–9.
Shirky, C. (2008). It’s not information overload. It’s filter failure. Web 2.0.
Sivin-Kachala, J., & Bialo, E. R. (2000). 2000 research report on the effectiveness of technology in schools.
Smith, C. L., Wiser, M., Anderson, C. W., Krajcik, J., & Coppola, B. (in press). Implications of research on children’s learning for standards and assessment: A proposed learning progression for matter and the atomic molecular theory. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives.
Spires, H. A. (2008). 21st century skills and serious games: Preparing the N-generation. In Serious educational games (pp. 13–23).
Springer, L., Stanne, M. E., & Donovan, S. S. (1999). Effects of small-group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research.
Steward, R., & Jo, H. (1998). Does spirituality influence academic achievement and psychological adjustment of African American urban adolescents? [Publication information not provided].
Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: The rise of the Net generation. McGraw-Hill.
Tella, A. (2007). The impact of motivation on students’ academic achievement and learning outcomes in mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 3(2), 149–156.
Trilling, B., & Hood, P. (1999). Learning, technology, and education reform in the knowledge age: Or “We’re wired, webbed, and windowed, now what?” Educational Technology, 39(3), 5–18.
Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass.
Vars, G. F. (1996). Effects of interdisciplinary curriculum and instruction. In P. S. Hlebowitsh & W. G. Wraga (Eds.), Annual review of research for school leaders (pp. 147–164). National Association of Secondary School Principals & Scholastic.
Vars, G. F., & Beane, J. A. (2000). Integrative curriculum in a standards-based world (EDO-PS-00-6). Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED441618)
Vaughan, F. (2002). What is spiritual intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16–33.
Wagner, T. (2008). The global achievement gap. Basic Books.
Warlick, D. (2004). The new literacy.
Woolfolk, A. (2004). Educational psychology (9th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Xie, Y., & Shauman, K. A. (2003). Women in science: Career processes and outcomes. Harvard University Press.
Yelland, N. (2010). New technologies, playful experiences, and multimodal learning. In High-tech tots: Childhood in a digital world (pp. 5–22).
21st Century Workforce Commission, U.S. Department of Labor. (2000, June). A nation of opportunity: Strategies for building tomorrow’s 21st century workforce. http://www.workforce21.org/finalreport.htm
Suggested citation:
Llagas-Oliveros, M. (2016). Twenty-First Century Skills as Predictors of Grade 9 Students' Achievement in Science. Dan-ag: Journal of Educational Studies, 5(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22180251
Copyright © 2016 Maitha Llagas-Oliveros
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Articles published in Dan-ag: Journal of Educational Studies are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This license permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author and source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
Copyright in this open-access article is retained by the author.
The author grants Dan-ag: Journal of Educational Studies and its publisher, the School of Education, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, the right to publish, digitize, preserve, archive, and distribute the article and to identify Dan-ag as its original publisher.
Third parties may use, share, reproduce, distribute, or adapt the article, provided that its original author, article title, citation details, journal, publisher, and DOI are properly acknowledged and any modifications are clearly indicated.
The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License formalizes these and other conditions governing the reuse of this article.